176 – PKN Magazine

The article describes how pipe makers in the Westerwald, at the end of the nineteenth century, saw their sales decline due to high American import tariffs and therefore sought new markets and products. After the First World War, the situation worsened further due to the rise of cigarettes and decreasing exports, which led to poverty and low prices. Pipe makers therefore began producing not only pipes but also toys and small figurines, often intended for children and sold at fairs or in bags of sweets. Production took place using simple moulds and yielded low earnings within an exploitative putting-out system dominated by large companies. Specifically for Easter, figures such as hares, chickens, and lambs were produced, alongside other decorative and toy objects. Paul Hills, Lothar Hein, Theodor Lamp, Karl Gelhard Nachfolger, Job Clerc, Duméril.

In a factory dump found in Gouda dating from the period 1750–1775, three mainly short models with a very fine stem were present. The name of the maker was stamped in roller stamps on the stem (OUTAM). This concerns the Gouda pipe maker Jan Houtam, active in the period 1733–1786. In addition to the marks of Houtam, the turf basket and the crowned dove, there were also pipes with the same appearance as the models shown below, but marked with a crowned D. The mark crowned dove was owned by Jan Houtam in the period 1761–1775. This seems to indicate that the dump can be dated quite precisely. In this period, Jan van Leeuwen (1745/1755–1771) and Cornelis van Leeuwen (1773–1794) were owners of the mark crowned D. In 1771–1773, Cornelis briefly rented the mark from Sophia Bleuland, the widow of Jan van Leeuwen.

The Royal Inniskilling Regiment was an Irish infantry regiment, founded in 1689 in response to the Jacobite threat and active in many wars worldwide. The regiment also played a role in Egypt around the Suez Canal, which was of strategic importance to Great Britain. Pipes were made in honour of this regiment, featuring symbols such as Enniskillen Castle, a sphinx, and references to Egypt and Derry. These pipes were produced both in the United Kingdom and in the Westerwald, often through cooperation and trade between manufacturers. Catalogues show that multiple companies produced similar pipes, with small differences in design and quality. Zachariah Tiffin, Ralph Abercromby, Willem III van Oranje, James II, Julius Wingender, S. M. Bull, Joseph Holland, Samuel McLardy, Edward Pollock, David Higgins.

The Teke are an ethnic group living in both Congo-Brazzaville, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and in Gabon. The pipes shown here come from the Kinkala district of Congo-Brazzaville and the directly adjacent part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. These areas are located south of the southeasternmost point of Gabon and north of Kinshasa. Here mainly Teke-Tio lived, a subgroup of the Teke. The subgroup Wumbu-Teke also lives in this area. The pipes discussed here are not the only pipes made by the Teke.